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Leviathan Mine
Leviathan Mine is a United States superfund site (CERCLIS ID: CAD98067685) at an abandoned open-pit sulfur mine located in Alpine County, California. The mine is located at on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada at about elevation, east of Markleeville and southeast of Lake Tahoe. The mine site comprises approximately of land surrounded by the Toiyabe National Forest, which is only accessible a few months a year. The approximately 22 million tons of sulfur ore-containing crushed rock at the mine 〔http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/leviathanmine/lev_p2.html〕 are responsible for contaminating the Leviathan and Aspen Creek, which join with Mountaineer Creek to form Bryant Creek which ultimately empties into the East Fork of the Carson River. These water bodies are listed as 303(d) impaired.〔http://www.in.gov/idem/4680.htm〕 The site location is seismically active.〔http://www.consrv.ca.gov/omr/reclamation/Pages/Leviathan.aspx〕
==Mining history==
Pre-open pit mining began in 1863 by Comstock Lode miners. Between 1863 and 1870, 500 tons of copper sulfate was removed from two adits. This copper sulfate was used for silver ore refining. A large sulfur deposit was discovered in one of the adits and the mine was subsequently abandoned.〔Schoen, C., B. Warden, and D. Henrioulle-Henry. 1995. Leviathan Mine 5-Year Workplan. Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.〕 Between 1935 and 1941 Calpine Corporation of Los Angeles, which subleased the mine from the Texas Gulf Sulfur Company, conducted subsurface sulfur mining and recovered 5,000 tons of sulfur. Mining was suspended in 1941 due to the hazardous nature of mining sulfur underground.〔Taxer, E.J. J.J. Churchill, and R.S. Gill. 1991. A History of the Leviathan Mine Pollution Abatement Project. California Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.〕 In 1945 the Siskon Mining Corporation, acquired the mine.〔California Division of Mines and Geology, 1977, p. 35〕〔"Leviathan NRDA Plan Final, http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/ec/Leviathan%20NRDA%20Plan%20Final.pdf"〕
Open-pit mining of sulfur was initiated at the site when Anaconda Copper Mining Company purchased the Leviathan in 1951. The extracted sulfur was used for copper ore processing at Anaconda Copper Mine (Nevada). During its excavating operations and Leviathan (1953–1962), Anaconda turned the original mine into a , pit, and removed approximately 500,000 long tons of sulfur.〔 During this time period acid mine drainage (AMD) began contaminating Leviathan Creek. In 1963, Anaconda sold the property to founders of the Alpine Mining Enterprises, Zella N. Mann and William Chris Mann, who was the Alpine County Clerk.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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